Microscopic analysis of a blood sample may reveal several characteristics of the platelets:. Additional diagnostic tests can help rule in or rule out diseases that affect platelets. Because platelets come from the bone marrow, examining a bone marrow sample under the microscope may help determine if the cause of thrombocytopenia is due to an issue with platelet production.
Additionally, there are several diseases that are contracted from ticks that may cause thrombocytopenia, so tests that rule out diseases from ticks are important to perform. Lastly, other components of coagulation unrelated to platelets may malfunction for various reasons. There are specific tests available to examine the status of these coagulation components. A diagnosis of ITP is typically made after excluding other causes for a low platelet count.
The prognosis for ITP ranges from good to guarded. Although almost 80 percent of dogs with this disorder will recover, that means that another 20 percent are either euthanized or die because of the disease. Several factors have been shown to effect prognosis. Patients with melena blood in their stool , elevated kidney values on blood tests, or those who require a blood transfusion may have a harder time overcoming the disease.
Even for dogs that respond well, relapse may occur in the future. Research studies have demonstrated varying relapse rates ranging from 9 to 31 percent. Unfortunately, if a dog relapses once, there is about a 50 percent chance that it will occur again. Typically, the first relapse will occur within a year of the initial diagnosis.
Steroids are the mainstay of treatment for managing ITP, however these drugs are associated with several side effects. Much like people, animals receiving steroid treatment will have an increased appetite which may lead to weight gain. They will often exhibit increased thirst and urination.
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Stem Cells. Long-term use of the thrombopoietin-mimetic romiplostim in children with severe chronic immune thrombocytopenia ITP. Pediatr Blood Cancer. Download references. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files. All authors critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Institutional review board approval was not required, as patients were treated with approved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures according to generally accepted standards of care.
Accordingly with the provisions of 21 CFR , the FDA recognizes the professional judgment of veterinarians, and permits the extralabel use of drugs by veterinarians within the context of a valid veterinarian client-patient relationship VCPR. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Abdulgabar Salama. Reprints and Permissions. Kohn, B. Treatment of 5 dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia using Romiplostim. BMC Vet Res 12, 96 Download citation. Received : 17 November From an online gift to a charitable gift annuity, your contribution will have a significant impact in the lives of thousands of animals.
This is the abbreviation that is used most commonly for the canine form of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and will be used throughout this article.
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia ITP is an important cause of severe thrombocytopenia in dogs. In patients with ITP, platelet autoantibodies are made and attach to the surface of platelets, targeting them for destruction by macrophages. ITP is a major differential to consider in any patient presenting with unexplained hemorrhage, bruising, or petechiae.
ITP can be primary, in which no underlying trigger for the immune response against platelets is discovered, or it can be secondary to another disease process or medication administration. Sulfa-based medications are commonly reported triggers for ITP, and secondary ITP should be suspected in any patient using a sulfa drug for longer than five to seven days who has unexplained thrombocytopenia, bleeding, or bruising. Other antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins have also been implicated in ITP cases.
Although vaccination has been associated with transient thrombocytopenia, there has been no established link between ITP and vaccination in dogs. Platelet autoantibodies have been found in thrombocytopenic dogs positive for Babesia, Ehrlichia, anaplasma, leishmania, leptospirosis, heartworm, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, indicating that immune-mediated platelet destruction is present.
Treatment of secondary ITP should always include treatment of the underlying disease process or discontinuation of the triggering medication.
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