Berlin: Springer, p. Eruptive History There is data available for 61 Holocene eruptive periods. Deformation History There is data available for 1 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details. From: Walter et al. Reference List: Walter et al.
Full References: Samsonov, S. Photo Gallery Volcanic craters are depressions above a volcanic vent that form as a result of explosive eruptions or collapse. Craters can form at the summit of a volcano or on its flanks. Their sizes and shapes vary widely. Some, like this m wide, m deep crater of Italy's Vesuvius volcano, are large and deep, and have steep-sided walls. Other craters, such as maars and tuff rings produced by powerful explosions involving water-magma interaction, are often much wider than they are deep.
Vertical-walled pit craters form by collapse over an eruptive fissure. Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, The summit crater of Vesuvius volcano exposes the layered lava flows and ash beds that have constructed the cone.
Ash deposits from the eruption mantle the rim and outer flanks of the m-wide, m-deep crater. The Bay of Naples and numerous cities along the coastal plain that have been affected by historical eruptions of Vesuvius can be seen at the top of the photo, taken from the NE.
Mount Vesuvius rises to the north of the storied ruins of Pompeii, which was destroyed during the eruption of 79 CE. The modern cone of Vesuvius rises at the left; the peak to the right is the rim of the Monte Somma caldera, which was formed about 17, years ago. Eight major explosive eruptions have occurred since then. A period of long-term eruptive activity began in The last eruption of Vesuvius was in Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft.
Casts of victim's bodies from the 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius were uncovered during excavations of the buried city of Pompeii. The Pompeii fatalities were caused by pyroclastic flows, which swept as far as 30 km from the summit.
Fine-grained ash hardened around the bodies, preserving features in great detail. This engraving of the eruption of Vesuvius shows a vertical eruption column and pyroclastic flows sweeping down the flanks of the volcano to the sea. This is the earliest known depiction of pyroclastic flows. The eruption was one of the largest at Vesuvius in historical time and began the modern period of frequent, long-duration eruptions.
Engraving by G. The Torre del Greco lava flow was erupted from December to January from a south-flank fissure, 4-km from the sea. Previous paroxysmal eruptions during this eruptive period, which began in , took place in from a upper SE flank fissure , and in , when lava flows traveled to the south and SE.
The paroxysmal stage was accompanied by vigorous explosive eruptions, and marked the first historical eruption of Vesuvius from a vent outside the caldera. From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft. Incandescent explosive eruptions from the summit crater in October accompany a lava flow from a fissure on the upper north and NW flanks that descends toward Portici, on the west flank.
This marked the end of an eruption that began in An explosive eruption July 29 to August 13, , produced widespread ashfall that caused extensive damage to many towns.
This painting shows a strong eruption column accompanied by lightning as seen from across the Bay of Naples. This eruptive period began in , and included the emission of lava flows in , , , , and A powerful eruption column rises above the summit of Vesuvius in this painting of the June eruption, viewed from Naples.
This eruption was the most powerful at Vesuvius since Several towns were completely destroyed, and people were killed. After the eruption the height of Vesuvius was lowered by m, leaving a 2. The eruption occurred at the end of an eruptive period that began in and included paroxysmal effussive phases in and During the paroxysmal stage of the eruption, from June to July , a lava flow from a SW-flank fissure overran the town of Torre de Greco and reached the sea.
Ash columns in this painting rise from the summit crater and from the SW flank vent, and steam clouds on the coast mark the point where the lava flow reached the sea. A powerful ash column in October rises above the crater of Vesuvius in this painting from a location across the Bay of Naples.
A major explosive and effusive eruption during October-November marked the end of a long eruptive period that began in Major effusive and explosive phases in , , and included a lava flow that reached the sea just south of Torre de Greco, on the SW flank.
Strombolian eruptions in from cones at the summit of Mount Vesuvius eject incandescent material near the end of an eruption that began in Major effusive phases occurred from August to December , and from May to June The climactic effusive-explosive eruptions took place August September 2, Lava flows in February , during the climactic phase of an eruption that began in , are depicted in this painting overrunning a village on the flanks of Vesuvius. Strombolian eruptions had occurred since By February , lava filled the entire crater.
The February lava flows issued from fissures on the flanks of a cone that had grown to about 20 m above the previous crater rim. A lava flow issues from a fissure on the north flank of Vesuvius, in this May view from the Monte Somma rim. The lava flow ponded in the moat between Vesuvius and Monte Somma before being deflected down the west flank and overrunning the village of San Sabastiano.
This eruption began on December 14, Lava flows issued from several vents beginning in May and lasting until December The lava flows traveled to the west and SW and caused extensive damage.
This eruption began with collapse of the crater of Vesuvius in December A major explosive eruption in April , one of the largest eruptions of Vesuvius since , destroyed the upper part of the cone. The paroxysmal eruption occurred at the end of a three-decade long, primarily effusive eruption that began in Periods of more intense eruptions took place in , , and An ash plume rises above the summit of Vesuvius in , near the end of a long-duration eruption that began in The eruption produced voluminous lava flows and vigorous explosions that excavated a m-deep crater at the summit.
The paroxysmal phase began on 18 March and ended on 4 April. Photo by U. Navy, This photograph of Vesuvius looking east across the Bay of Naples depicts the major eruption of April A vigorous eruption plume rises from the summit crater and ash plumes also rise from a NW flank fissure that fed a lava flow that traveled far down the W flank, overrunning several villages. Steam also rises above another lava flow below and to the right of the summit.
This eruption began with lava effusion in December Photo courtesty of Roberto Scandone University of Rome. The bedded layers at the right, near the town of Torre de Greco on the S flank of Vesuvius, are pyroclastic surge deposits from the Plinian Avellino eruption that occurred about 3, years ago.
This eruption, one of eight major explosive eruptions since formation of the Monte Somma caldera, produced 2. Pyroclastic surges 1 km 3 traveled down all sides of the volcano and as far as 22 km NW, covering an area now overlain by much of the city of Naples. Photo by Roberto Scandone University of Rome. The dark-colored lava flow filling the caldera moat between the cone of Vesuvius and the caldera wall of Monte Somma in the background was produced during an eruption in , near the end of the eruptive cycle that began in Photo by Roberto Scandone, University of Rome.
The upper crater rim of Vesuvius is capped by thick tephra deposits from the last eruption episode in The bedded tephra layers overlie a light-colored layer at the right, a lava flow that had been erupted earlier in the eruption.
The steep wall beneath the lava flow cuts through pre lava flows. Vesuvius rises above an excavated stadium in the buried city of Pompeii. The 79 CE eruption began on 24 August with phreatomagmatic explosions that produced widespread ashfall.
Many residents of Pompei and other towns had evacuated prior to the onset of devastating pyroclastic flows the following day that swept over broad areas as far as 30 km from the volcano and caused several thousand fatalities. Photo by Dan Dzurisin U. Geological Survey , Mount Vesuvius behind city of Naples. The modern cone of Vesuvius is flanked on the left by Monte Somma, the rim of a caldera that formed about 17, years ago.
Eight major explosive eruptions have occurred since, including the 79 CE eruption that destroyed Pompeii and other towns. They were buried by the ashfall. Image: Garden of the Fugitives.
The cone known as Mount Vesuvius began growing in the caldera of the Mount Somma volcano, which last erupted about 17, years ago. Andesite lava creates explosive eruptions on a variety of scales, which makes Vesuvius an especially dangerous and unpredictable volcano. Plinian eruptions huge explosions that create columns of gas, ash and rock which can rise dozens of kilometers into the atmosphere have a much greater reach, and have destroyed entire ancient cities near Vesuvius with huge ashfalls and pyroclastic flows.
Vesuvius is currently quiet, with only minor seismic earthquake activity and outgassing from fumaroles in its summit crater, but more violent activity could resume in the future. Brick columns stand among ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii.
A view of Naples at the height of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A Melvin C. Mount Vesuvius has experienced eight major eruptions in the last 17, years. The 79 AD eruption is one of the most well-known ancient eruptions in the world, and may have killed more than 16, people. Ash, mud and rocks from this eruption buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Pompeii is famous for the casts the hot ash formed around victims of the eruptions.
The unfortunate people suffocated on ash in the air, which then covered them and preserved amazing details of their clothing and faces. Starting in , Vesuvius entered a period of steady volcanic activity, including lava flows and eruptions of ash and mud. Violent eruptions in the late s, s and early s created more fissures, lava flows, and ash-and-gas explosions. These damaged or destroyed many towns around the volcano, and sometimes killed people; the eruption of had more than casualties.
The most recent eruption was in during World War II. It caused major problems for the newly-arrived Allied forces in Italy when ash and rocks from the eruption destroyed planes and forced evacuations at a nearby airbase. Her concentration is in volcanology, and she is currently researching lava dome collapses and pyroclastic flows. She also writes the Magma Cum Laude blog , and in what spare time she has left, she enjoys rock climbing and playing various stringed instruments.
Simplified plate tectonics cross-section Simplified plate tectonics cross-section showing how Mount Vesuvius is located above a subduction zone formed where the African plate descends beneath Italy. Map: Where is Vesuvius?
Plaster casts: Victims of the 79 A. It became quiet however at the end of the 13th century, in which time gardens and vineyards began to cover it. Then, in December of , Vesuvius erupted violently once again. This eruption buried many surrounding villages in lava flows, resulting in the deaths of about 3, people.
From then on, eruptions have occurred regularly. Vesuvius has erupted several times in the 20th century, with the first happening on the 5th of April, This eruption killed more than people and ejected the most lava ever recorded from a Vesuvian eruption. At the time, Italy was preparing to host the Summer Olympics, but after the eruption caused devastating damage to the city of Naples and other surrounding comunes, funds were diverted to reconstructing the city and a new venue was found.
Since , seven of Vesuvuis' eruptions have lasted longer than five years, more than any other volcano except Etna. The two most recent eruptions, and , both lasted longer than thirty years. Vesuvius erupted again in and remained active until For many years, lava could be seen filling the crater, spilling out the side on some occasions.
This period of continuous eruption ended with a major eruption in March of , which destroyed the villages of San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Massa di Somma, Ottaviano, and parts of San Giorgio a Cremano. The destruction was mostly due to lava flows, but then on the 24th of March, an explosive eruption resulted in a small pyroclastic flow. The hot ash and tephra from the eruption destroyed between 78 and 88 aircraft.
The eruption in 79 AD that destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum is the most recent large Vesuvian eruption. The size of the eruption is based on how much volcanic material is released. A large eruption occurs when quantities of about 1 cubic kilometer of volcanic material are released.
Scientists estimate that these eruptions occur once every few thousand years, while the medium-sized, sub-Plinian eruptions in which about 0. Smaller eruptions occurred frequently from to , in which only a small amount of volcanic material, about 0. In the event of an eruption, the government's emergency plan assumes that the worst-case scenario would be an eruption with similar power to the one in , which was measured to have a VEI of 4. The area around the volcano is now densely populated, and estimates suggest that anyone within a 7 kilometer of the vent could be exposed to pyroclastic surges, with other surrounding areas being vulnerable to tephra falls.
The prevailing winds that sweep through the Bay of Naples put the towns and cities to the south and east of the volcano at the highest risk. For the city of Naples to the northwest, the risk of tephra falls is much lower and experts don't think it would spread past the slopes of the volcano.
The evacuation plan that the government has in place assumes that they will have between two weeks to twenty days to react to an impending eruption. In the event of an evacuation, some , people living in the zona rossa Vesuvius red zone would be evacuated. The red zone comprises 25 comunes and part of the city of Naples. The evacuation is planned to take about seven days and would involve many evacuees being sent to other parts of the country where they could remain for months.
The dilemma that the authorities face, however, is when to start the evacuation process. If they start it too late, thousands could be killed, but if they start too early and the eruption ends up being a false alarm, then it could have repercussions as well. The last evacuation turned out to be just that when in , 40, people were evacuated from the Campi Flegrei area, but no eruption ever occurred.
Italian authorities, especially in Campania, are implementing ongoing efforts to try and reduce the population in the red zone. This involves demolishing illegally constructed apartment buildings, establishing a national park around the volcano to prevent any further structures from being built, as well as offering people significant financial incentives for moving away. The overall goal is to reduce the amount of time needed to evacuate the population.
Authorities hope to reduce this time by two or three days in the next twenty to thirty years. In Naples, the Osservatorio Vesuvio Vesuvius Observatory closely monitors any activity in and around the volcano. Using extensive networks of seismic and gravimetric stations, a combination of a GPS-based geodetic array and satellite-based synthetic aperture radar to measure ground movement, and local surveys and analyses of gases emitted from fumaroles, the volcano is under constant surveillance.
This technology is all used to detect any rising magma underneath the volcano. For the moment, no magma has been detected within 10 km of the surface, meaning it is currently classified at a Basic or Green Level. Naples: New Italian movie pokes fun at the Camorra. Why tourists skip Naples: debunking common misconceptions. Naples tobacconist who stole winning scratch card stopped in Rome airport. Seven things to do and see in Naples.
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