However, the star finally came to life on the biggest of stages when he played a vital role in beating Manchester City and his former coach Pep Guardiola in the Champions League, with a remarkable strike in the victory giving him his first PSG goal. But in the very next game Messi was brought crashing back down to Earth as PSG's eight-match winning start to Ligue 1 came to an end with a defeat at Rennes. After the international break, Messi missed out on PSG's win over Angers at Parc des Princes as he returned back too late from Argentina duty to be considered.
However, he was back on form for PSG in a competition he has so often thrived in, scoring two goals in a hard-fought and dramatic victory over Leipzig in the Champions League. Messi experienced his first taste of Le Classique when PSG travelled to play rivals Marseille but was still unable to score his first Ligue 1 goal of the season as the game finished The player's struggles in Ligue 1 continued right up until the end of October, when a start against Lille lasted just 45 minutes, as the player was pulled off at half-time in order to claw back a one-goal deficit and ultimately win all three points.
Messi subsequently missed the Champions League matchday four encounter with Leipzig in Germany due to muscular discomfort. The game finished in Leo's absence. He also missed out on the following Ligue 1 encounter against Bordeaux because of the same problem. This page will be regularly updated to showcase Messi's individual club statistics for PSG throughout the season after his big transfer. Lionel Messi is one of the only two players to reach goals in Champions League , after Cristiano Ronaldo Tired of the unceasing, ungainly internet entertainment updates?
Walk dazzling lanes and by lanes with Outlook. Know what's behind the apparent and what doesn't show. Your journey into the myriad shades of truth with Outlook. Here's a primer. Home Sports. Outlook Newsletters Ent. AR Tired of the unceasing, ungainly internet entertainment updates? Tech in style The right tech that defines you. Your aspirations. Maps of polar coordinate analysis for the Stability turn direction criterion. Maps of polar coordinate analysis for the Centre of the Game criterion.
Figures 6 — 13 show the results of polar coordinate analysis for Messi and Ronaldo concerning the categories in quadrant II QII , which activate the focal category, and those in quadrant I QI , which are mutually activated by the focal category. We include below each semicircle map the table of values statistically obtained.
Complementarily, we offer the polar coordinate analysis for the criteria Stability turn direction and Centre of the Game, which have also shown statistically significant activation between them. The objective of this study was to perform an objective analysis of Lionel Messi's and Cristiano Ronaldo's use of motor skills prior to scoring a goal using the complementary methods of T-pattern analysis and polar coordinate analysis.
The structure of the Discussion Section is as follows. First, we comment on the polar coordinate analysis results following the order of criteria in the OSMOS-soccer player instrument.
Second, we comment on the findings of the T-patterns analysis. Each section ends with clues about how experts can understand the findings in order to improve their professional work. Polar coordinate maps show great differences between the two players with regard to the use of the right foot.
While there are no behaviors by Messi that activate the use of the right foot, Ronaldo's use of the right foot is promoted in situations of relative numerical superiority and numerical equality with pressure and is mutually activated by the use of the external zone of the foot and taking three steps between touches of the ball. In contrast, maps for the use of the left foot show more mutual activations between behaviors for Messi and fewer for Ronaldo. Moreover, Messi's use of the left foot and the left body orientation with respect to the rival goal line is induced by turning the body to the left.
The use of three steps between touches and numerical equality with no pressure seem to be behaviors mutually activated with the use of the left foot. These maps reinforce the notion that Ronaldo and Messi tend to use a preferred foot—right and left, respectively—in situations without high pressure and while dribbling to create advantage in attacking zones and in one-on-one situations.
Our results also verify the findings of Carey et al. Furthermore, Carey et al. The use of the inside of the foot activates Ronaldo's left foot use and this is mutually activated with numerical equality with pressure PE and, like Messi, the left body orientation with respect to the rival goal line. Likewise, T-pattern analysis clearly shows the predominant use of the left foot by Messi and the right foot by Ronaldo.
Despite the great differences between the two players in terms of the use of the right and left foot, the polar coordinate maps and frequency chart also show the players' versatility and adaptability in using both feet with other behaviors when necessary. Carey et al. We therefore advise experts that the successful use of both feet, notwithstanding with different frequency, thus evidencing versatility, is an indicator of expertise in soccer and as such could be included as a coaching task in order to develop symmetrical use of both feet during dynamic interaction with the ball.
For Messi, the use of the outside of the foot is activated by absolute numerical inferiority and activates the use of three steps between touches of the ball.
The use of the outside of the foot by Ronaldo is activated by the use of the head, facing backward with respect to the rival goal line and pivoting over the right leg, and is mutually activated with the use of the external zone of the foot and the right foot, as well as the right orientation of the body with respect to the rival goal line OR. This finding fits with the logic of soccer play: players usually use the exterior part of the foot to run with the ball faster. As the main task of strikers is goal-scoring, it is not surprising that both players use the body orientation of facing the rival goal line in interaction with other behaviors.
We emphasize that contexts with no pressure induce both players to face the goal—the context of numerical equality without pressure in Messi's case and relative numerical superiority in Ronaldo's case. This result shows that expert players have great anticipation capacities, corroborating the finding of Ericsson that experts seem to be better at catching early relevant indicators of the specific task.
In our study, Messi and Ronaldo seem to create positional advantages in relation to the rival goal by using their attention abilities to better anticipate the outcomes of their actions and the actions of opponents Afonso et al. So, in direct relation with the ball, they have already prepared conditions to have higher success in attacking situations. Messi's goal-facing orientation is mutually activated mainly with remaining facing the goal line, with the use of the right leg and with the use of the right foot.
As Messi is left-footed, the use of the right foot and leg while facing the rival goal line does not seem to us to be a paradox but rather an indication of his versatility in the use of contralateral inferior limbs, as the values of the polar coordinate analysis are very low.
Both polar coordinate analysis and T-pattern detection detected the locomotion behavior of taking three steps between touches of the ball. In both players, this behavior is activated by relative numerical superiority. Also, we found that Messi and Ronaldo use the outside part of the foot, a category that was activated in Ronaldo's map and mutually activated in Messi's map.
These results could be interpreted to mean that in no-pressure conditions of play the exterior part of the foot is the part used most often in dribbling because with this ability the players create more speed conditions in order to gain an advantage in space in relation to their opponents.
The singular contralateral use of the feet of both players is again reinforced by these maps, which show the mutual activation of taking three steps and the use of the left foot in Messi's case and the right foot in Ronaldo's case. The right and left midfield are the categories of the Side criterion identified by polar coordinate analysis and T-pattern detection.
T-patterns show clearly the difference between the two players in relation to the main uses of the midfield the right midfield by Messi and the left midfield by Ronaldo.
The presence of Messi in the right midfield is activated by the body orientation facing the rival goal line and is mutually activated by turning the body to the left and the use of the outside of the foot. The presence of Ronaldo in the left midfield is activated by numerical equality without pressure, the use of the outside of the foot, the use of the chest and facing the rival goal line. These data show that Ronaldo tends to play in interior zones of the field more frequently than Messi.
T-pattern detection and the frequency chart show more use of dribbling and feint of change of direction in Messi's goal-scoring than in Ronaldo's. Polar coordinate maps also show non-statistically significant activation between dribbling and other behaviors. Contrarily, Messi's dribbling is activated by control of the ball and is mutually activated with continuing to dribble the ball, the use of feint of pass and the use of feint of change of direction.
The T-pattern detection also reinforces this behavior Figure 4 : Messi touches the ball with the outside part of his left foot while facing the rival goal line. To do this, Messi tricks defenders by changing direction in the right midfield and then continuing to touch the ball with his left foot with a left orientation of the body with respect to the rival goal line; then, he continues dribbling the ball while remaining in the right midfield. We therefore conclude that Messi tends to create a great diversity of individual attacking situations, a result that corroborates the conclusion of Serrado : that Messi is the world's most unpredictable player.
The maps also show that feint of change of direction is more similar in the two players. This behavior is activated by the control of the ball and is mutually activated with dribbling. For Ronaldo, it is also mutually activated by the shot feint, which corroborates the notion that Ronaldo was the top shooter in the — period, with 1, shots performed Morris, The maps show for Messi that the right turn of the body is activated by the use of the left leg and being oriented backwards with respect to the rival goal line and is mutually activated with the right body orientation with respect to the rival goal line and relative numerical superiority.
This finding reinforces again the contralateral actions of stasis and precision of the laterality uses of the limbs Teixeira et al. For Messi and also for Ronaldo, the map shows that the right turn of the body is activated by facing backwards with respect to the rival goal line and is mutually activated with the left body orientation with respect to the rival goal line and numerical equality with pressure for Ronaldo and right body orientation for Messi.
The most relevant aspect that can be seen in the behavior of numerical equality with no pressure is that in both players it is mutually activated by the continuation of numerical equality with no pressure.
We conclude that expert players frequently create conditions, in time and space, to play in no-pressure conditions, in this case in goal-scoring situations. Anticipation is generally considered a hallmark of experts, so it should be considered on the basis of the specific tasks and contexts with knowledge of their advantages and disadvantages Gold and Shadlen, Messi and Ronaldo, as the most expert goal scorers, seem to create better conditions to apply shooting technique. The objective of this study was to describe objectively the singular goal-scoring style of the world's top soccer players, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.
Observational methodology allows sports scientists to obtain objective data to complement subjective judgments of soccer players' motor skill use. This instrument is a good fit for our study because we consider that going deeply into the motor skills that players use could be of interest to soccer studies, which are traditionally more focused on the tactical and technical analysis of teams. Our findings permit us to conclude that Messi and Ronaldo exhibit motor skills that allow them to create varied conditions for goal-scoring.
The cumulative use of these abilities, over the course of matches and seasons, allows them to win the top awards in soccer. Here we detail our most important results:. However, in conditions of goal-scoring, i. Messi is considered an unpredictable player in his goal-scoring actions and Ronaldo an accurate shooter with more recurring patterns. As for the practical implications of this study, in the Discussion Section we indicated the findings that could be of interest for coaches and for further related studies.
Overall, coaches may use these findings for task manipulation related to skill acquisition and improvement of goal-scoring efficacy. Also, studies of this type could be useful for establishing defensive strategies against these specific players. Thus, it would be interesting for future research to consider others types of contexts or outcomes, for example World Cup competition and shots off target, respectively, to better discriminate between the motor ability patterns of successful and unsuccessful performances.
MC developed the project and supervised the design of the study and the drafting of the manuscript. DB was responsible for the review of the literature and the drafting of the manuscript. MA performed the polar coordinate analysis and the method section.
TF collected and codified the data. RH supervised the drafting of the manuscript. All authors approved the final, submitted version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Afonso, J.
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